Copper systems guide
Concentrate Grade, Mass Pull and Recovery
Why these three measures describe different aspects of separation.
Systems note: examples are educational; exact performance depends on the site, material, equipment and applicable standards.
Where this fits in the copper system
Why these three measures describe different aspects of separation.
Core concepts
Concentrate grade measures copper concentration in product.
Recovery measures how much incoming copper reaches product.
Mass pull measures how much total material is sent to concentrate.
What to watch in practice
Useful measures depend on the exact system, but operators and engineers generally combine material flow, quality, recovery or efficiency, equipment reliability, energy/water use, inventory and downstream requirements rather than optimizing one number in isolation.